QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT

          Quanyum entanglement is one of the bizarre phenomena when things getting messy, or inside quantum realm. When two or more particles linc up in a certain way, no matter how far apart they are in space, their states remain linked. That means their share a common, unified quantum state. So, observations of one of the particles can automatically provide the information about the other entangled particles, regardless of the distance between then. And any action to one of these particles will invariably impact the others in the entangled system.

WHO DISCOVERED QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT?
         
          Physicist developed the fundamental ideas behind entanglement as they worked out the mechanics of the quantum world in the early decates of the 20th century. They found that to properly describe subatomic system, they had to use something called a quantum state.

         In the quantum world, nothing is ever known for certain; for example, you never know exactly where an electron in an atom is located, only where it might be. A quantum state summarizes the probability of measuring a certain property of a particle, like it's position or angular momentum. So, for example, the quantum state of an electron describes all the places you might find it, together with the probabilities of finding the electron at those places 

         Another feature of quantum states is that they can be correlated with the other quantum states, meaning that measurements of one state can affect the other. In a 1935 paper, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen examined how strongly corralated quantum states would interact with each other. They found that when two particles are strongly corralated, they lose their individual quantum states and instead share a single, unified state. Another way to think about it is that a single mathematical "container" can describe all particles simultaneously, regardless of their individual properties. This unified state would become known as quantum entanglement.

        They found that if two particles are entangled, meaning their quantum states are strongly corralated and become unified, then measurements of one of the particles automatically influence the other, no matter how far away the particles are from each other, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy.

          The first physicist to use the word "entanglement" was Erwin Schrodinger, one of the founder of quantum mechanics. He described entanglement as the most essential aspect of the quantum mechanics, saying it's existence is a complete departure from classical lines of thought.

WHAT IS THE ERP PARADOX?

         As Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen  discovered entanglement appear instantaneous: Once you have knowledge of one quantum state, you automatically know the quantum state of any entangled particles. In principle, you could place two entangled particles on opposite ends of the Galaxy and still have this instantaneous knowledge, which appears to violate the limit of the speed of light.

        This result is known as ERP PARADOX (short for Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen), according to the amarical physical society - an effect Einstein dubbed "spooky action at a distance". He used the paradox as a evidence that quantum theory was incomplete. But experiments are repeatedly confirmed that entangled particles do influence each other regardless of distance, and quantum mechanics remains verified to this days.

        There is no generally accepted resolution to the paradox. However, although entangled systems do not maintain locality (meaning one part of an entangled system can immediately influence faraway particles), they do respect casualty, meaning that effects always have causes. An observer at the foraway particle does not know if the local observer has disturbed the entangled system, and vice versa. They must exchange information with each other no faster then the speed of light to confirm.

        In other words, the limits imposed by the speed of light still hold with the entangled systems. While you may know the status of a distant particle's state, you cannot communicate this information faster then the speed of light.

HOW DO YOU CREAT QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT?

         There are many ways to entangled particles. One method is to cool the particles, and place them close enough together so that their quantum states (representing the uncertainty in the position) overlap, making it impossible to distinguish one particle from the other.

       Another way is to rely on some subatomic process, like nuclear decay, that Automatically produces entangled particles. According to NASA, it's also possible to create entangled pairs of photons, or particles of light, by either splitting a single photons, and generating a pair of photons in the process, or by mixing pairs of photons in a fiber-optic cable.

WHAT CAN QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT BE USED FOR?

       Perhaps the most widely used application of quantum entanglement is in cryptography. According to Caltech Magazine, in the scenario, a a sender and receiver build a secure communication link that includes pairs of entangled particles. The sender and receiver use the entangled particles to generate keys, known only to them, that they can use  to encode their messages. If someone intercepte the signal and attempt to read the private keys, the entanglement breaks, because measuring an entangled particles changes its state. That means the sender and receiver will know that their communications have been compromised.

         Another application of entanglement is quantum computing, in which large numbers of particles are entangled, thereby allowing them to work in concert to solve some large, complex problem. For example, a quantum computer with just 10 qubits (quantum bits) can represent the same amount of memory as 2^10 traditional bits.

WHAT CAN QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT TELEPORTATION?

         Contrary to the usual use word "teleport" quantum teleportation does not involve the movement or translation of particles themselves. Instead, quantum teleportation, information about the one quantum state is transported great distances and replicated somewhere else, according to nature news.

       It'ss best to think of quantum teleportation as the quantum version of traditional communication.

         First, a sender prepares a particles to contain the information (i.e., the quantum state) they went transmit. Then, they combine the quantum state with one of an entangled pair of particles. This causes a corresponding change in the other entangled pair, which can be sitting an arbitrary distance away.

         The receiver then records the change in the entangled partner of the pair. Finally, the sender must transmit, via normal channels (i.e., limited by the speed of light), the original change made to the entangled pair. This allows the receiver to reconstruct the quantum state in the new location.

         This may seem like a lot of work to pass along one measly piece of information, but quantum teleportation enables completely secure communication. If an eavesdropper intercepts the signal, they will break the entanglement, which would be revealed when the receiver compares the traditional signal to the changes made in the entangled pair.




Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

PERMAFROST

Image
Image credits: NASA climate kids What is permafrost?             Simple defined, permafrost is ground which remains at temperatures below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. Permafrost is considered `continuous` when more than 90% of an area is underlain by permafrost; permafrost is defined as `discontinuous` or `sporadic` when percentages are lower. Permafrost occupies nearly 65% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Permofrost is a very common phenomenon east of the Ural mountains; the extent in the European part of Russia is limited. Changes in permafrost until now             The permafrost regions occupied about 25 percentage of the northern hemispheres terrestrial surface and almost 65% of the Russia (1,35). Warming, thawing, and degradation of pharma Frost have been observed in many locations in recent decades and or likely to accelerate in the future as result of climate change (1,35,43). The Western Russian Arctic is experience in some of the highest rate
Read more

NORTHERN LIGHTS (AURORA BOREALIS): WHAT THEY ARE & HOW TO SEE THEM?

Image
             The Northern Lights are an atmospheric phenomenon that's regarded as the holy grail of the sky watching. Image Credits: Freepik             The Northern Lights, or the aurora borealis, are beautiful dancing waves of lights that have captivated people for millennia. But for all its beauty, this spectacular light show is a rather violent event.             Energized particles from the sun slam into Earth's upper atmosphere at speeds of up to 45 million mph (72 million kph), but our planet's magnetic field protects us from the onslaught.            As Earth's magnetic field redirects the particles towards the poles -- there are southern lights, too, which you can read about below -- the dramatic process transforms into a cinematic atmosphere phenomenon that dazzles and fascinates scientist and sky watches alike.              THE HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS             Though it was Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei who coined the name "aurora borealis
Read more

GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY

Image
            General relativity is physicist Albert Einstein's understanding of how gravity affects of fabric of space-time. Image credit: American Physical Society             The theory, which Einstein published in 1915, expanded the theory of special relativity that he had published 10 years earlier. Special relativity argued that space and time are inextricably connected, but that theory didn't acknowledge the existence of gravity.             Einstein spent the decade between the two publications determining that particularly massive object warp the fabric of space-time, a distortion that manifests as gravity, according to NASA. How does general relativity work?             To understand general relativity, first, let's start with gravity, the force of attraction that two objects exert on the another. Sir Isaac Newton quantified gravity in this same text in which the formulated his three laws of motion, the principia.             The gravitational force dugg
Read more